地热发电会在可持续发展的趋势中蓬勃发展吗?

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在能源转型和可持续发展的趋势下,可再生能源已成为全球许多国家的首选。除了太阳能和风能的快速增长外,地热能也越来越受欢迎.

地热发电市场正在扩大

地热能产业诞生于 20 世纪,它利用地下可用的热能,这种热能清洁且可持续——几乎是无穷无尽的。地热能用于各个行业,其中最常见的是直接供热(例如建筑物的供暖系统)和电力生产.

总体而言,地热产业,特别是地热能,正响应优先发展可持续能源的趋势而积极增长。根据地热能市场,2021-2028 年,全球地热能市场预计在 2021-2028 年期间以 5.9% 的复合年增长率 (CAGR) 发展,全球市场规模预计将超过 832.7 亿美元到 2028 年底。与此同时,根据 Reportlinker 的《2022 年地热发电全球市场报告》,预计地热发电市场将从 2021 年的 55.3 亿美元增长到 2022 年的 60.6 亿美元,复合年增长率 (CAGR) 为 9.6% .到 2026 年,该市场的复合年增长率为 8.7%,预计将达到 84.6 亿美元.

到 2021 年底,全球地热发电容量达到 15,854 兆瓦。美国拥有 3,722 兆瓦的地热发电容量,其次是印度尼西亚(2,276 兆瓦)、菲律宾(1,918 兆瓦)、土耳其(1,710 兆瓦)和新西兰(1,037 兆瓦)(根据 ThinkGeoEnergy 数据.

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发电量排名前 10 位的地热国家(来源:ThinkGeoEnergy)

能源自给自足,减少排放和……锂

在可再生能源中,地热发电相对于太阳能和风能的快速增长来说相对“沉默”。但是,由于不受天气或气候的影响,地热具有非常高的功率因数,并且始终可用。此外,地热能已被证明比氢、碳捕获和储存 (CCS) 等其他低碳技术更安全。因此,地热被认为是减少全球排放的潜在且有前景的解决方案。总体而言,地热能,特别是地热能的发展,通过减少对化石燃料进口的依赖和能源危机的风险,有助于提高能源安全.

因此,地热能继续吸引投资资本。根据能源咨询公司 Rystad Energy(挪威)的数据,2022 年地热支出将增加 38%。许多地热项目仍在研究和开发中。麻省理工学院 (MIT) 风险投资基金于 2022 年初筹集了 6300 万美元,用于启动一个利用毫米波电磁辐射和回旋管大功率真空管设备利用地热能的项目。科学家们预计,使用这项新技术,他们将能够在几个月内穿越最热、最坚硬的岩石,深入到大约 20 公里的深度——这个深度可以让泵入那里的任何液体转化为超级完美的蒸汽状态发电。最近,太平洋西北国家实验室 (PNNL) 及其合作伙伴开发了一种地热提取系统,该系统涉及将液体泵送到一公里以下的深度。该系统旨在帮助研究人员了解流体如何从储存在岩石中的能量中捕获热量并将其泵送到地面以发电,从而可能改进地热技术.

dien-dia-nhiet通过模拟和流动系统使用地热能(照片:PNNL)

另一个被认为是地热发电发展驱动力的因素是……锂。 2021 年 11 月,Controlled Thermal Resources(总部位于澳大利亚的 CTR)启动了一个耗资 5 亿美元的项目,该项目包含一个用于锂矿开采和地热能生产的巨型钻机。该项目距离索尔顿海湖(位于美国加利福尼亚州沙漠深处)南岸约1公里。锂将从盐水中提取——通过地热发电厂泵送。众所周知,如果锂离子电池的需求不爆发,该项目将不会加速.

锂被称为未来的“白金”,因为它被用于制造汽车电池、太阳能和风能存储系统以及电子设备。成功的锂提取至关重要,因为它将有助于消除对供应的依赖,因为世界上 80% 以上的粗锂是在澳大利亚、智利和中国开采的,尤其是中国控制着世界一半以上的锂加工和精制.

地热发电具有很高的开采潜力,有望提供一种新的、对生态有益的能源,并在实现碳中和和可持续发展的趋势中发挥重要作用.

Vu Phong Energy Group

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How will geothermal power grow in the trend toward sustainable development?

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Renewable energy sources have become the first choice in many nations worldwide in the trend of energy transition and sustainable development. Aside from the rapid growth of solar and wind power, geothermal power is gaining traction.

The geothermal power market is expanding

The geothermal energy industry was born in the twentieth century to use the heat energy available in the ground, which was clean and sustainable – almost endless. Geothermal power is used in various industries, the most common of which are direct heat (such as heating systems of buildings) and electricity production.

The geothermal industry in general, and geothermal power in particular, is growing positively in response to the trend of prioritizing sustainable energy sources. According to Geothermal Energy Market, 2021-2028, the global geothermal energy market is expected to develop at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.9 percent over the 2021-2028 period, and the global market size is expected to surpass $83.27 billion by the end of 2028. Meanwhile, the geothermal power market is expected to grow from $5.53 billion in 2021 to $6.06 billion in 2022, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.6 percent, according to the Geothermal Electricity Global Market Report 2022, Reportlinker. At an 8.7 percent CAGR, the market is expected to reach $8.46 billion by 2026.

End of 2021, global geothermal power capacity reached 15,854 MW. With 3,722 MW, the United States has the most geothermal power capacity, followed by Indonesia (2,276 MW), the Philippines (1,918 MW), Turkey (1,710 MW), and New Zealand (1,037 MW) (according to ThinkGeoEnergy data).

dien-dia-nhietTop 10 Geothermal Countries Power Generation (source: ThinkGeoEnergy)

Self-sufficient in energy, reducing emissions and… lithium

Among renewable energy sources, geothermal power is relatively “silent” compared to the rapid growth of solar and wind power. However, because it is not affected by weather or climate, geothermal has a very high power factor and is always available. Furthermore, geothermal energy has been demonstrated to be safer than other low-carbon technologies like hydrogen, carbon capture and storage (CCS). As a result, geothermal is considered a potential and promising solution for reducing global emissions. The development of geothermal energy in general, and geothermal power in particular, contributes to increased energy security by decreasing dependence on fossil fuel imports and the risks of an energy crisis.

Therefore, geothermal energy continues to attract investment capital. Geothermal spending will increase by 38% in 2022, according to data by the energy consultancy firm Rystad Energy (Norway). Many geothermal projects are still being investigated and developed. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Venture Capital Fund raised $ 63 million in early 2022 to begin a project to harness geothermal power utilizing millimeter-wave electromagnetic radiation and gyrotron high-power vacuum tube equipment. Scientists expect that using this new technique, they will be able to traverse the hottest, hardest rocks, down to a depth of around 20km in a matter of months – a depth that will allow any liquid pumped down there to be converted into a super perfect state of steam to generate electricity. Recently, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and its partners developed a geothermal extraction system that involves pumping liquid to a depth of more than one kilometer below. The system is intended to assist researchers in understanding how fluids capture heat from energy stored inside rocks and pump it above ground to generate electricity, thereby possibly improving geothermal technology.

dien-dia-nhietGeothermal energy is used via a simulation and flow system (Photo: PNNL)

Another factor considered a driving force in the development of geothermal power is… lithium. Controlled Thermal Resources (CTR, based in Australia).announced a $500 million project with a massive rig to extract lithium and produce geothermal energy in November 2021. The project is around 1 kilometer from the Salton Sea lake’s southern edge (located deep in the desert of California, USA). Lithium will be extracted from brine, which will be pumped up using geothermal power plants. The project will not be expedited if the demand for lithium-ion batteries does not explode.

Lithium is referred to as the “white gold” of the future since it is employed in creating automotive batteries, solar and wind energy storage systems, and electronic devices. Successful lithium extraction is critical since it will assist in removing the reliance on supply, as more than 80% of the world’s crude lithium is mined in Australia, Chile, and China, with China in particular controlling more than half of the world’s lithium processing and refining.

Geothermal power, with its high extraction potential, promises to provide a new, ecologically beneficial energy source and plays an essential part in the trend toward carbon neutrality and sustainable development.

Vu Phong Energy Group

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