清洁能源领域的一些有趣的新研究

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近年来,清洁能源已投入研究并鼓励使用,以减少对化石燃料的依赖、减少环境污染和限制全球变暖。让我们看看这个领域的一些新研究! 

储存可再生能源的二氧化碳电池

二氧化碳在高压下液化,并在地球正常大气压下恢复为气态。当从液态变为气态时,二氧化碳会膨胀近 400 倍。在正常条件下,2,5675 升液态 CO2(在 56 atm 压力下)将膨胀至 1,000 升 CO2.

基于这一特点,意大利公司Energy Dome研究了二氧化碳电池的开发,并刚刚在撒丁岛(意大利)推出了首个基于二氧化碳电池技术的储能设施,具有4兆瓦时的存储模型。 Energy Dome 的二氧化碳电池由带有弹性二氧化碳气泡的“巨型”圆顶、液态二氧化碳罐、压缩机系统、热回收系统和电动涡轮机组成。为了给电池充电,人们将使用能量来运行压缩机、液化二氧化碳并在室温下将它们保持在该压力下。在此过程中产生的热量将被捕获并保存在储热系统中。在放电循环中,储存的热量将用于蒸发 CO2。二氧化碳膨胀过程将拉动电动涡轮机收集能量并将其推入电网。 CO2 将返回气泡罩,为下一个循环做好准备.

nang-luong-sach能源穹顶的二氧化碳电池模型,用于存储可再生能源(图片:能源穹顶)

据 Energy Dome 称,尽管 CO2 电池的效率仅为 75% 左右,但低廉的存储成本(几年内仅为 50-60 美元/MWh 左右)使得 CO2 电池与锂电池具有竞争力。此外,二氧化碳电池具有非常快的反应速度、更长的储能容量和更少的劣化。 Energy Dome 打算建造一个存储容量为 200 MWh 的全面设施,并在 2023 年底前投入运营.

100% 氢气驱动的燃气轮机

在争取到 2050 年实现净零排放的过程中,许多设备制造商 (OEM) 正在研究改进燃气轮机以使用低碳燃料来源。其中,氢气已成为发展重点。一些公司,如通用电气(GE)、三菱电力等已经开始使用结合氢气和天然气的涡轮机。特别是,三菱电力已开发出使用 30% 氢气和 70% 天然气的混合物的燃气轮机,并计划到 2025 年实现 100% 氢气燃气轮机的商业化.

最近,挪威斯塔万格大学的一个专家团队宣布制造出世界上第一台使用 100% 氢气运行的燃气轮机。该研究的重点不仅在于调整氢气燃烧室,还在于调整旧的燃料系统和天然气基础设施。他们正在仔细研究工厂的局限性,并寻找提高产能以产生更多清洁能源的方法。这种类型的项目将提供一种有效的转换解决方案,但是,为了使它们在经济上可行,有必要大幅降低绿色氢的价格并对化石燃料方法征收碳税.

nang-luong-sach一个使用氢动力燃气轮机的研究小组(图片:UiS)

天基太阳能 – SBSP

许多国家对天基太阳能(SBSP)感兴趣——在外层空间收集太阳能并将其分配到地球。在这个解决方案中,太阳反射器将安装在轨道上的卫星上。太阳能将集中在太阳能电池板上,转化为微波或激光,然后射向地球。这些能量将被天线收集并转化为电能。无论天气如何,空间发电站都可以昼夜供电。因此,SBSP 产生的能量可能是地球上太阳能的 40 倍.

长期以来,美国、俄罗斯和中国等大国对 SBSP 很感兴趣,并在该领域进行了许多令人瞩目的实验。中国西安电子科技大学已成功测试了一套宇宙太阳能集热器系统。该塔高 75 米,配备接收天线以及欧米茄集中器系统、光电转换、电力传输和电力管理等附加设备。它是世界上第一个具有完整 SBSP 功能的系统,例如监测太阳、聚焦光、将光转化为电能、以微波的形式传输电能,以及通过单独的天线接收电能.

nang-luong-sach西安电子科技大学的宇宙太阳能集热塔于2018年开工。(图片:西安电子科技大学)

中国计划在太空建造第一座太阳能发电厂。按照计划,2028年将一颗卫星发射到太空,在400公里高空测试从太空到地球的无线电力传输技术。太阳能将转化为微波或激光,并指向各种目标,包括地球上的固定位置和移动的卫星。这将是四个阶段中的第一个。首次发射两年后,中国将向距地球 36,000 公里的地球静止轨道发射另一颗功能更强大的卫星。到 2035 年,一座 10 兆瓦的发电厂将投入运营,为许多军事和民用设施供电。到 2050 年,该工厂的产能将增加到 2 吉瓦,而费用将降低到商业可接受的水平.

美国通过将光伏射频天线模块(PRAM)太阳能电池板连接到 X-37B 无人机,成功测试了 2020 年投入太空的太阳能电池板。此外,美国正在考虑一项耗资 1 亿美元的实验,最早在 2025 年为一个偏远的军事前哨提供电力。英国政府与美国一样,正在考虑一项 160 亿英镑的提案,以在 2035 年之前在太空建造一座试点太阳能发电厂。许多欧洲国防承包商将为该项目做出贡献.

如果这些 SBSP 项目成功,它将成为满足全球对清洁能源需求的突破性解决方案,尤其是在阳光不足的地区.

Vu Phong Energy Group

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Highlight research in the field of clean energy

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Clean energy has been invested in research and encouraged to use in recent years to decrease reliance on fossil fuels, reduce environmental pollution, and limit global warming. Let’s check out some new research in this field! 

The CO2 battery to store renewable energy

CO2 liquefies at high pressure and reverts to its gaseous form at normal atmospheric pressure on Earth. When transforming from a liquid to a gas, CO2 expands by roughly 400 times. Under normal circumstances, 2,5675 liters of liquid CO2 (at 56 atm pressure) will expand to 1,000 liters of CO2.

Energy Dome, an Italian company, has been researching and developing CO2 batteries based on this characteristic and has just launched the first CO2 battery technology-based energy storage facility in Sardinia (Italy) with a storage scale of 4 MWh. The CO2 battery at Energy Dome is made up of “giant” domes filled with elastic CO2 bubbles, liquid CO2 tanks, a compressor system, a heat recovery system, and electric turbines. People will utilize energy to run compressors, liquefy CO2 gas, and store it at that pressure at normal temperature to charge the battery. The heat produced by this process will be captured and stored in a heat storage system. The stored heat will be utilized to evaporate CO2 during the discharge cycle. The CO2 expansion process will pull electric turbines to gather energy and push it to the grid. The CO2 will be returned to the bubble dome in preparation for the next cycle.

nang-luong-sachThe Energy Dome’s model of a CO2 battery that stores renewable energy (Image: Energy Dome)

According to Energy Dome, despite the efficiency of CO2 batteries being only approximately 75%, the cheap storage cost (only about 50-60 USD/MWh over a few years) makes CO2 batteries competitive with lithium batteries. Furthermore, CO2 batteries have a very fast reaction speed, a longer energy storage capacity, and less deterioration. Energy Dome intends to construct a full-scale facility with a storage capacity of 200 MWh and have it operational by the end of 2023.

Gas turbine powered by 100% hydrogen

Much Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) are researching improving gas turbines to utilize low-carbon fuel sources in the race toward net-zero emissions by 2050. And hydrogen has emerged as a development priority. Some companies, such as General Electric (GE), and Mitsubishi Power,… have begun to use turbines that combine hydrogen and natural gas. In this regard, Mitsubishi Power has developed a gas turbine that uses 30% hydrogen and 70% natural gas, with the goal of commercializing 100% hydrogen gas turbines by 2025.

A team of experts from Stavanger University in Norway has announced the creation of the world’s first hydrogen-powered gas turbine. The research focuses not just on hydrogen-optimized combustion chambers, but also on fuel systems and existing natural gas infrastructure. They are looking at the plant’s constraints and methods to expand capacity to produce more clean energy. These projects will offer an efficient conversion solution; but, in order for them to be economically viable, the price of green hydrogen must be dramatically reduced, and a carbon tax on fossil fuel methods must be implemented.

nang-luong-sachA research team using a hydrogen-powered gas turbine (Image: UiS)

Space-based solar power – SBSP

Many nations are interested in space-based solar power (SBSP) – the collecting solar power in outer space and distributing it to Earth. In this solution, solar reflectors will be put on satellites in orbit. Solar energy will be focused on solar panels, converted into microwaves or lasers, and shot down to Earth. This energy will be collected by the antenna and turned into electricity. Space power stations can offer electricity day and night, regardless of the weather. Therefore, SBSP may generate 40 times more energy than solar energy on Earth.

Great countries such as the United States, Russia, and China have long been interested in SBSP and have conducted many remarkable experiments in this sector. Xidian University in China has successfully tested a system of cosmic solar power collectors. The tower is 75 meters tall and is outfitted with a receiving antenna as well as additional equipment like an omega concentrator system, light-to-electricity conversion, power transmission, and power management. It is the world’s first system with full SBSP features, such as monitoring the Sun, focussing light, turning light into electricity, delivering electricity in the form of microwaves, and receiving it with a separate antenna.

nang-luong-sachXidian University’s cosmic solar collector tower construction started in 2018. (Image: Xidian University)

China plans to build the first solar power plant in space. According to the plan, a satellite will be launched into space in 2028 to test wireless power transmission technology from space at an altitude of 400 kilometers to the Earth. Solar energy will be transformed into microwaves or lasers and directed towards a variety of targets, including fixed locations on Earth and moving satellites. This will be the first of four phases. Two years after the initial launch, China will launch another more powerful satellite into a geostationary orbit 36,000 kilometers above Earth. A 10 MW power plant will be operational by 2035, powering a number of military and civilian facilities. By 2050, the plant’s capacity will be increased to 2 GW, while expenses will be reduced to a commercially acceptable level.

The United States successfully tested the Photovoltaic Radiofrequency Antenna Module (PRAM) solar panels put into space in 2020 by connecting them to the X-37B unmanned drone. In addition, the US is considering a $100 million experiment to power up a remote military outpost as early as 2025. The UK government, like the US, is considering a 16 billion pound proposal to put a pilot solar power plant in space by 2035. Many European defence contractors will contribute to this project.

If these SBSP projects are successful, it will be a breakthrough solution to meeting the global need for clean energy, particularly in locations that do not get much sunshine.

Vu Phong Energy Group

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